Pulses form stable dietary components for majority of population across the world. Different people consume pulses in different ways like Uncooked, Soaked, and cooked or only cooked without soaking. All these processing techniques lead to changes in the Nutritional value of the pulses. Studies have also reported that in addition to Nutritional components like Proteins, Carbohydrates, and fats, pulses also contain anti-Nutritional components like Lectins, Tannins, and Polyphenols that greatly interfere with digestion of pulses in the human intestine. Hence in the current study a comprehensive review is being compiled to evaluate the Nutritional and antiNutritional aspects of pulses and effect of processing methods on invitro protein and starch digestibility of the pulses.

The sufficient amounts of essential nutrients should be supplied for plants normal growth if the soil cannot provide them. For this purpose, it is necessary to find appropriate measurement method for determining the rate of nutrient deficiency. DRIS is an efficient method due to problems of nutrients concentration critical level and sufficiency limit methods, variations of these limits in different plant cultivars and climatic conditions, and dependence of results to sampling time. Thus, an experiment has been conducted in 61 peach orchards of Golestan province for two years (1388-1390). The orchards were divided into high and low yielding populations according to DRIS method (on the yield basis of 30 kg/tree); then, all expression forms, their variances in the two populations and variance ratios of the low (SB) to high (SA) yielding populations were determined. DRIS-derived sufficiency ranges originated from high yielding populations and taking into account variance ratios (SB/SA), which were 2.46, 0.24, 2.29, 2.03 and 0.56% for N, P, K, Ca and Mg and 132.7, 32.5, 14.5 and 42.9 mg/kg for Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn, respectively. The DRIS indices for the 9 nutrients were calculated in the low yielding populations using DRIS calibration formulas and Nutrient balance Index (NBI) was determined for each of these orchards. Results indicated that the average order of nutrients requirement in the low yielding orchards is as following: Ca>P>Mg=Mn>K>Fe>Cu=Zn>N.

Nutritional balance is an important factor in increasing the yield and improving the quality of orchard production. The DRIS system is a suitable method for determining the Nutritional balance status of orchards using leaf analysis. In order to recognize Nutritional disorders in vineyards, a four-year (1997-2000) field experiment was conducted in Kohgiluyeh va Boyerahmad province. For this purpose, leaf analysis data from high yielding orchards were used to establish DRIS norms for grapevines. The norms obtained for N, P, K, Ca and Mg were 5.05, 42.7, 1.42, 1.7 and 0.4 percent in leaf dry matter and for Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B were 206.5, 110.3, 61.5, 14.6 and 33.9 mg/kg, respectively. The established norms were used to calculate DRIS indices and Nutritional balance index(NBI) for those orchards having low yielding. The results showed that mineral nutrients were imbalanced in low- yielding orchards and Fe, Cu, Mn, N, K, Zn, B and P deficiencies were in 56, 56, 53, 44, 44, 41, 41, and 41 percent of this orchards, respectively. Based on the results, relative nutrient demands in low yielding orchards were obtained: Cu>Fe>P>Mn>Zn>N>Mg>K=B>Ca.

In order to evaluate the relationship of Nutritional balance index (NBI) with yield and quality characteristics of grape, a four year experiment was conducted in Kohgiluyeh-va-Boyerahmad province. The purpose of this study was to determine the Nutritional elements balance status and its effect on yield and quality of grape in orchards. In this experiment, DRIS norms were established first for grape. The established norms were then used to calculate DRIS indices and Nutritional balance index for those orchards having low yields. Beside, exponential regression analysis was used to evaluate relationship of NBI with yield and quality characteristics of grape. The results showed a negative and significant (at 1% probability level) relationship between NBI and yield. Relationships of NBI with sugar, TSS and TSS/TA were negative that the latest case was significant at 5% probability level. Relationship between NBI and TA was positive but not significant. Based on the obtained results,  the amount of  NBI was high that expressed the imbalanced status of elements the most important factor in reduced grape yield and quality in orchards.

AIMS: One of the most important factors affecting physical performance and performance of job duties in military students is diet and its content. This study aimed to compare the content of the diet and Nutritional and physical needs of officer students and provide appropriate Nutritional solutions. MATERIALS & METHODS: The present study is a descriptive-survey study whose population was students of a military university in Tehran, Iran in 2020. 120 people were selected by random sampling. To evaluate the studied variables, food frequency questionnaire FFQ (with 24-hour food recall) and physical activity questionnaire in three days, and N4 Food Processor software was used. The obtained data were analyzed using a t-test in SPSS 20 software at a significance level of less than 0. 05. FINDINGS: The results of the present study showed that the age, height, weight and body mass index of the samples were respectively 21. 36±, 8. 2 years, 169. 64±, 45. 10 cm, 73. 34±, 74. 6 Kg and 25. 47±, 37. 2 Kg/m2. The number of carbohydrate, sodium and fat intake was higher than the amount required by the body, while the amount of protein intake was less than the estimated amount for the students of the officer's university, which was significantly different from the current standard (p=0. 001). Also, the number of received calories, the amount of energy expenditure, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B12, vitamin E, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, and zinc received by students are statistically and significantly lower than the values of existing standards and the amounts of micronutrients required to perform the activities properly (p=0. 001). CONCLUSION: The student diet needs modifications such as improving the quality and quantity of the diet, adding small snacks, adding dairy products, as well as some fresh fruits and vegetables.

Nutritional balance is an important factor in improving the yield and quality of horticultural products. In this regard, an assessment of soil fertility, determining optimum fertilizer need and an analysis of Nutritional balance in peach orchards are essential. Foliar analysis is a suitable method for evaluating the Nutritional status of peach orchards. The method of deviation from optimum percentage (DOP) is a new and easy method compared to the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) method in the interpretation of foliar analysis and its index for individual nutrients is easily calculated. Leaf samples were collected from 61 peach orchards throughout the province during July 2009 and 2010 and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu concentrations. The DOP index was calculated for each of the analyzed elements by applying the following general formula: DOP= [(C × 100) /Cref] - 100, where C is the nutrient concentration in the sample and Cref is the nutrient concentration in the high yielding orchards foliar samples. The indices of DOP were computed for the low yielding orchards. The results showed that the average order of nutrients requirement in these orchards is as following: P>Ca>Mn>K>Fe>Cu>Zn>Mg>N.

Background and Objectives: Almond is one of the most important orchards products of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province that the most production is in saman area. The objective of this research was Nutritional evaluation of almond gardens using DRIS (Diagnostic Recommendation Integrated System) method. Accurate and balance nutrition of almond are the important factors that improve quality and quantity of yield. Regarding sand texture of soil in almond gardens of region and abound average of rainfall, leaching of nutrients around the root, is one of orchards problem in this province. Proper management of fertilizers is one of the factors that can increase the quantity and quality of almond fruit be effective. So, the aim of study was the Nutritional evaluation of almond gardens using diagnostic recommendation integrated system (DRIS) method in Saman area of Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari Province. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluation of almond Nutritional requirements an experiment was conducted using of Diagnostic Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) method in the gardens of zayandeh roud river in a length of 60 kilometers and a data bank was provided. In current research 36 gardens were selected and the leaf samples were prepared. The selected leaf samples were washed and grinded for laboratory analysis. The high yield gardens were selected for preparing reference values at the end of growth season and in this case 30 percents of high yield gardens were chooses. The Diagnostic Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) indexes were estimated and the Nutritional requirement orders were determined. Results: The results showed that the order of Nutritional requirements of the trees were in the following order: Zn>CU>Mn>S>Cl>Ca>B>N>P>Fe>Mg>K>Mo. According to the results, zinc has the most deficiency in almond trees studied. Then there are copper, manganese, sulfur, chlorine, calcium, boron, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, magnesium and potassium elements, respectively. In other words, the highest amount was obtained for molybdenum, potassium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, nitrogen, boron, calcium, chlorine, manganese, copper and zinc respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of the DRIS method and the balance index, the almond gardens studied were not balanced in terms of Nutritional status in this study. Among nutrients, micronutrients are scarce due to less use of fertilizers containing it and factors such as steep slope, lightness of soil texture and calcareous of them. So, it is necessary to consider and apply necessary measures in order to nutrition needs of almond trees in this area. These actions include: the application of animal fertilizers, the use of a variety of micro-nutrient fertilizers, the use of acidic substances with irrigation water, preferably drip irrigation to improve the calcareous properties of soils and consequently, to increase the absorption capacity of micronutrients. Finally, it can be said that the DRIS method is an effective method for determining the Nutritional needs of almond gardens in these areas and is applicable.

This research was conducted to study the effects of physical form of total mixed ration (in Block and Mash form) in sheep nutrition. In a 2×2 change-over design with two treatments and 5 replicates, 10 Shal lambs with average initial weight of about 31 kg were fed for two periods and 22 days per period. An unique ration (to supply fattening lambs) was formulated and prepared in TMR, then it was shared out in two parts where one part processed in Densified Block Ration (DBR) and the other part fed as mash TMR form. Results showed that the dry matter, organic matter and nutrients intake were increased when the animals received DBR compared to the mash TMR (P< 0. 05). The digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, EE and gross energy were not affected by the physical form of the diet but nitrogen retention and nitrogen balance were increased when the lambs received DBR (P< 0. 05). The daily times for eating, rumination, total chewing and resting time were not statistically different when the animals fed DBR or mash TMR whereas the amount of DM, OM and nutrients intake per minute were increased (P< 0. 05) by feeding of DMR. Feeding of DBR resulted in higher (P< 0. 05) weight gain and feed conversion ratio in comparison to the mash TMR. In general, feeding of pressed complete ration could improve animal performance; however more researches are required to find out the optimum feeding levels of DBR in Iranian lambs.